Robert J. Dorfman, Atlanta, Ga., for plaintiff-appellant.

Herbert P. Schlanger, Roy Mays, George Ference, Atlanta, Ga., for defendants-appellees.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia.

Before VANCE and JOHNSON, Circuit Judges, and BOWEN*, District Judge.

Executive Town & Country, Inc. ("Town & Country") brought this action for injunctive and declaratory relief against the defendants from enforcing Sec. 14-8020(g) and Sec. 14-8218 of the Code of Ordinances of the City of Atlanta. Section 14-8020(g)1 regulates the fares which licensed limousine service companies may charge for trips to and from the Atlanta Hartsfield Airport. Section 14-82182 prohibits the advertising of any fares that are not in compliance with the provisions of Sec. 14-8020(g). Town & Country, a duly licensed limousine transportation company operating within the corporate limits of Atlanta, contends that these ordinances are violative of the commerce clause and fourteenth amendment of the United States Constitution. See, e.g., Park'n Fly of Texas, Inc. v. City of Houston, 327 F. Supp. 910 (S.D.Tex.1971). Town & Country also claims that the ordinances are violative of federal antitrust laws.

The federal district court for the Northern District of Georgia temporarily restrained the City of Atlanta from enforcing Secs. 14-8020(g) and 14-8218 as to Town & Country. After a bench trial, the district court dissolved the restraining order and found in favor of the defendants on all counts. It is from that final order that Town & Country appeals. 28 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1291. We AFFIRM.

* A threshold question in this appeal is whether Town & Country's limousine service is a part of interstate commerce. The commerce clause3 to the United States Constitution restricts states and municipalities from imposing unreasonable burdens on interstate commerce. Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co., 449 U.S. 456, 471, 101 S. Ct. 715, 727-28, 66 L. Ed. 2d 659 (1981); Philadelphia v. New Jersey, 437 U.S. 617, 621-24, 98 S. Ct. 2531, 2534-36, 57 L. Ed. 2d 475 (1978). If Town & Country's limousine business does not constitute a part of interstate commerce, the court will not interfere with the city's legitimate exercise of its police powers.4 Airport Taxi Cab Advisory Committee v. City of Atlanta, 584 F. Supp. 961, 964-65 (N.D.Ga.1983); c.f., United States v. Yellow Cab Co., 332 U.S. 218, 67 S. Ct. 1560, 91 L. Ed. 2010 (1947).

Town & Country argues that it is a part of interstate commerce. Approximately ninety percent (90%) of Town & Country's business consists of prearranged trips to and from the Atlanta Hartsfield International Airport. It naturally follows that at least ninety percent of Town & Country's passengers are making or completing interstate journeys. The fact that Town & Country's limousines may operate wholly within the State of Georgia does not, in and of itself, take Town & Country out of the stream of interstate commerce.5 Charter Limousine v. Dade County Board of County Commissioners, 678 F.2d 586, 589 (5th Cir., Unit B, 1982).6

The district court assumed, for the purpose of its final order, that Town & Country was a part of interstate commerce. Executive Town & Country Services, Inc. v. City of Atlanta, No. C85-2499A, slip op. at 4 (N.D.Ga. May 21, 1985). Because the court would have reached the same result regardless of whether vel non Town & Country is a part of interstate commerce, the court below decided that it did not need to resolve that issue. It is necessary for our review of this case, however, that the issue of whether Town & Country is a part of interstate commerce be resolved.

Generally, taxicab service between airports and businesses and homes is not within the stream of interstate commerce. United States v. Yellow Cab Co., 332 U.S. at 230-33, 67 S.Ct. at 1566-68; Evanston Cab Co. v. City of Chicago, 325 F.2d 907 (7th Cir.1963); Airport Taxi Cab Advisory Committee v. City of Atlanta, 584 F. Supp. at 964. The typical taxicab service to and from an airport is only "casual and incidental" to the taxicab's normal course of business, which is to service the needs of any passenger requesting transportation, not just those passengers traveling on an interstate journey. United States v. Yellow Cab Co., 332 U.S. at 231-32, 67 S.Ct. at 1567; c.f., Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar, 421 U.S. 773, 783-86, 95 S. Ct. 2004, 2011-12, 44 L. Ed. 2d 572 (1975). A taxicab does not transform into an integral part of interstate commerce if, within the scope of its normal course of independent local service, the passenger happens to be beginning or completing an interstate trip. Id., 332 U.S. at 233, 67 S. Ct. at 1568.

Town & Country's limousine service is distinguishable from the typical taxicab service discussed above. The vast majority of Town & Country's business consists of prearranged trips to and from the Atlanta Hartsfield International Airport. The district court found that:

[m]any of these trips are for multi-national corporate clients. [Town & Country] receives reservations both on a local telephone number and two 800 number lines. [Town & Country] receives approximately twenty-one thousand incoming calls per year on the 800 numbers for limousine service. Most of [Town & Country's] business, though, is arranged within the State of Georgia through local numbers. Some passengers are picked up at the airport without having made a reservation and [Town & Country] advertises in the Atlanta airport to attract customers. [Town & Country] has a referral sister company in Chicago.

Executive Town & Country Services, Inc. v. City of Atlanta, No. C85-2499A, slip op. at 3-4 (N.D.Ga. May 21, 1985). We have reviewed the evidence in this case and are satisfied that Town & Country has established the nexus between its business and interstate commerce as required by Yellow Cab and its progeny.

The issue involved sub judice is whether the city can regulate the minimum fare for limousine service to and from the airport.7 At the outset, it is important to note that the commerce clause "protects the interstate market, not particular firms, from prohibitive or burdensome regulations." Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland, 437 U.S. 117, 127-28, 98 S. Ct. 2207, 2215, 57 L. Ed. 2d 91 (1978). The scope of the commerce clause includes legislation related to local concerns if the legislation imposes an unreasonable burden on interstate commerce. See, e.g., Minnesota v. Clover-Leaf Creamery Co., 449 U.S. at 470-71, 101 S.Ct. at 727-28; Lewis v. BT Investment Managers, Inc., 447 U.S. 27, 36, 100 S. Ct. 2009, 2015, 64 L. Ed. 2d 702 (1980); Philadelphia v. New Jersey, 437 U.S. at 624, 98 S.Ct. at 2535; Raymond Motor Transportation, Inc. v. Rice, 434 U.S. 429, 445-46, 98 S. Ct. 787, 796, 54 L. Ed. 2d 664 (1978); Hunt v. Washington Apple Advertising Comm'n, 432 U.S. 333, 350, 97 S. Ct. 2434, 2444-45, 53 L. Ed. 2d 383 (1977); Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Cottrell, 424 U.S. 366, 96 S. Ct. 923, 47 L. Ed. 2d 55 (1976); Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, 359 U.S. 520, 529, 79 S. Ct. 962, 967, 3 L. Ed. 2d 1003 (1959); Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona ex. rel. Sullivan, 325 U.S. 761, 767, 65 S. Ct. 1515, 1519, 89 L. Ed. 1915 (1945). We will uphold a state regulation if it regulates "evenhandedly," if it imposes only an "incidental" burden on interstate commerce, and if the "burden imposed on such commerce is [not] clearly excessive in relation to the putative local benefits." Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc., 397 U.S. 137, 142, 90 S. Ct. 844, 847, 25 L. Ed. 2d 174 (1970). Furthermore, "the extent of the burden that will be tolerated will of course depend on the nature of the local interest involved, and on whether it could be promoted as well with a lesser impact on interstate activities." Id.; Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co., 449 U.S. at 471-73, 101 S.Ct. at 727-29; Hughes v. Oklahoma, 441 U.S. 322, 331, 99 S. Ct. 1727, 1733-34, 60 L. Ed. 2d 250 (1979).

Town & Country contends that the City's new rate structure for limousine service unreasonably burdens interstate commerce for a number of reasons. First, the interstate traveler who desires to be transported in a limousine now must pay $50.00 instead of the former fare of $18.00. Second, Town & Country argues that the increased price for limousine service somehow will result in a decrease in the city's tourism trade. Third, Town & Country argues that the new regulations will allow the taxicab industry to regain a portion of the transportation market that the limousine service had held as a result of competition in the free market. The present situation, it is argued, will burden interstate commerce because the interstate traveler will have no choice but to ride with a transporter which the traveler had chosen not to use when there were no minimum fare regulations for limousine service.

None of these arguments explains how the minimum fare regulations for limousine service burden interstate commerce. As explained above, our inquiry is limited to whether interstate commerce in general, and not a particular entity, is burdened by the regulations promulgated by the City of Atlanta. Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland, 437 U.S. at 127-28, 98 S.Ct. at 2215. These regulations may force the interstate travelers to choose between the more expensive, luxurious limousine service and a less expensive and arguably less comfortable mode of transportation. There is no evidence that interstate travelers will have to alter their plans, or that interstate travelers will be affected in any other significant way by the minimum fare regulations.

Any burden that these regulations might impose on interstate commerce is, at most, incidental. The district court concluded (and we agree) that, while the city's reasons for imposing the minimum fares are weak,8 the burden imposed on interstate commerce by these regulations is not in excess of the putative benefits to be gained by the City of Atlanta. In light of the lack of evidence produced with respect to the burden imposed on interstate commerce, the district court has applied the law correctly.

Town & Country also attacks the legislative rationale for the regulations under the fourteenth amendment. The Court will apply the "rational basis" test to determine if the legislative intent for the regulations passes constitutional muster. Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co., 449 U.S. at 461, 101 S.Ct. at 722. Under this analysis, Town & Country has the burden of proving that "the legislative facts on which the classification is apparently based could not reasonably be conceived to be true by the" Atlanta City Council. Vance v. Bradley, 440 U.S. 93, 111, 99 S. Ct. 939, 949, 59 L. Ed. 2d 171 (1979). We will not substitute our judgment for that of the council. Minnesota v. Clover Leaf Creamery Co., 449 U.S. at 469, 101 S.Ct. at 726; Ferguson v. Skrupa, 372 U.S. 726, 729, 83 S. Ct. 1028, 1030, 10 L. Ed. 2d 93 (1963); United States v. Carolene Products Co., 304 U.S. 144, 154, 58 S. Ct. 778, 784-85, 82 L. Ed. 1234 (1938).

The city's reasons for legislating these minimum fare regulations9 are not very compelling in a free market system. Under the commerce clause, regulations cannot run afoul of the policy of free trade in their effect. Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, 359 U.S. at 529, 79 S.Ct. at 967. Regulations struck down under this principle have left no doubt that they are violative of the commerce clause. For example, in Bibb, the Supreme Court struck down an Illinois statute which required trucks and trailers operating on Illinois' highways to be equipped with a rear fender mudguard which would be illegal in Arkansas and which differed from that required in forty-five other states. Such a requirement would interfere with interline operations of motor carriers. The Illinois regulation unduly burdened interstate commerce in violation of the commerce clause.

In Raymond Motor Transportation, Inc. v. Rice, 434 U.S. 429, 98 S. Ct. 787, 54 L. Ed. 2d 664 (1978), at issue was a prohibition of trucks longer than fifty-five feet or pulling more than one vehicle to be operated within Wisconsin without a permit. The Supreme Court held that this regulation was violative of the commerce clause because it imposed a substantial burden on interstate commerce, and it made no more than the most speculative contribution to highway safety.

In the case sub judice, the City of Atlanta's reasons for enacting these regulations passed the "rational basis" test, albeit with little room for comfort. Moreover, Town & Country has not satisfied its burden of proving that there is no possible legislative rationale for enacting these regulations. Any equal protection claim raised by Town & Country under the fourteenth amendment also must fall under this analysis.

Finally, Town & Country alleges that the City of Atlanta violated the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1 et seq., by entering into a conspiracy to regulate Town & Country out of existence, and by regulating and restraining Town & Country's business. See, e.g., Woolen v. Surtran Taxicabs, Inc., 461 F. Supp. 1025 (N.D.Tex.1978). In this nation's economy, free market "competition is generally recognized as resulting in the public good, [but] there are situations where restraints are appropriate." Airport Taxi Cab Advisory Comm. v. City of Atlanta, 584 F. Supp. at 965. See also Fisher v. City of Berkeley, --- U.S. ----, ----, 106 S. Ct. 1045, 1047-48, 89 L. Ed. 2d 206 (1986), affirming 37 Cal. 3d 644, 209 Cal. Rptr. 682, 693 P.2d 261 (1984) ("the function of government may often be to tamper with free markets, correcting their failures and aiding their victims"). Furthermore, actions taken by states and municipalities are treated differently than private actors under the Sherman Act. Town of Hallie v. City of Eau Claire, --- U.S. ----, 105 S. Ct. 1713, 85 L. Ed. 2d 24 (1985); Parker v. Brown, 317 U.S. 341, 63 S. Ct. 307, 87 L. Ed. 315 (1943).

In Parker, the Court held that a state, acting through its legislature, is beyond the reach of the Sherman Act antitrust laws based on the principles of federalism and state sovereignty.10 Parker v. Brown, 317 U.S. at 350-51, 63 S.Ct. at 313. The Supreme Court later refused to extend this exemption to municipalities because cities are not themselves sovereign. City of Lafayette v. Louisiana Power & Light Co., 435 U.S. 389, 412-13, 98 S. Ct. 1123, 1136-37, 55 L. Ed. 2d 364 (1978), (opinion of Brennan, J.). The Court, however, left open the possibility that a municipality could obtain an exemption from the antitrust laws if it demonstrates that anticompetitive conduct was authorized by the state "pursuant to state policy to displace competition with regulation or monopoly public service." Id. at 413, 98 S.Ct. at 1137; See also Community Communications Co. v. City of Boulder, 455 U.S. 40, 102 S. Ct. 835, 70 L. Ed. 2d 810 (1982). "[A] state policy that expressly permits, but does not compel, anticompetitive conduct may" satisfy this requirement. Southern Motor Carriers Rate Conference v. United States, --- U.S. ----, 105 S. Ct. 1721, 1729, 85 L. Ed. 2d 36 (1985).

The state policy giving rise to the anticompetitive activity need not be expressly articulated if the statute provided for a regulatory scheme that inherently "displace[s] unfettered business freedom." New Motor Vehicle Board v. Orrin W. Fox Co., 439 U.S. 96, 109, 99 S. Ct. 403, 412, 58 L. Ed. 2d 361 (1978). A state legislature is not expected to expressly state "in a statute or its legislative history that [the legislature] intends for the delegated action to have anticompetitive effects." Town of Hallie v. City of Eau Claire, --- U.S. at ----, 105 S. Ct. at 1719. Otherwise, the federal courts would be "embroil[ed] ... in the unnecessary interpretation of state statutes." Id. at n. 7. Furthermore, "it would undercut the fundamental policy of Parker and the state action doctrine of immunizing state action from federal antitrust scrutiny. See 1 P. Areeda & D. Turner, Antitrust Law, Sec. 212.3(b) (Supp.1982)." Id. See also, Auton v. Dade City, Fla., 783 F.2d 1009 (11 Cir., 1986).

In California Retail Liquor Dealers Assn. v. Midcal Aluminum, Inc., 445 U.S. 97, 100 S. Ct. 937, 63 L. Ed. 2d 233 (1980), the Court held that, where the anticompetitive conduct is by private parties, it must be actively supervised by the state. When, however, the actor is a municipality, active supervision is not required once it is established that state authorization exists. Town of Hallie v. City of Eau Claire, --- U.S. at ----, 105 S. Ct. at 1720-21.

In the case at bar, there is no doubt that the City of Atlanta was authorized by the State of Georgia to regulate the rates for public transportation. See O.C.G.A. Secs. 46-7-1811, 46-7-1912. Historically the city has regulated public transporters pursuant to the police power granted the city by the State of Georgia.13 Airport Taxi Cab Advisory Committee v. City of Atlanta, 584 F. Supp. at 963. Thus, the City of Atlanta has exercised its delegated power pursuant to the state authorization, and therefore, is entitled to the exemption from the Sherman Act challenge. Town of Hallie v. City of Eau Claire, --- U.S. ----, 105 S. Ct. 1713, 85 L. Ed. 2d 24 (1985).

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM.